Tuesday, January 19, 2016

World in 2015

July to December

  • China will construct an under water tunnel under Karnaphuli River at Chittagong.
  • Cuba became the first country in the world to receive validation from WHO that it has eliminated mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis.
  • The P5+1 is a group of six world powers which, in 2006, joined together in diplomatic efforts with Iran with regard to its nuclear program. The term refers to the UN Security Council's five permanent members (the P5); namely China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; plus Germany. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on Iran's nuclear program is the international agreement on the nuclear program of Iran reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran, the P5+1 and the European Union. 
  • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu. 
  • Gennady Padalka (Russia) spent 879 days in space, more than any other person.
  • Online retailer eBay and payment company PayPal separated their operations into two individual companies, having traded together since eBay bought PayPal in 2002.
  • USA and Cuba restored full diplomatic ties after 54 years.
  • China become largest potato producer. 
  • Kazakhstan become 162nd member of WTO.
  • Pakistan became first Asian member of CERN. 
  • Ranil Wickremesinghe became PM of Sri Lanka.
  • Raqqa, in northern Syria, became the de facto capital of the Islamic State.
  • IS destroyed the temple of Baalshamim at Palmyra, Seria, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • Indo-UK air exercise Incradhanush concluded in UK.
  • EXERCISE EKUVRIN: Indian Army and the Maldives National Defence Forces concluded in Kerala.
  • Chinese, Pakistani forces joint air drill called 'Shaheen (Eagle).
  • The discovery of an early human ancestor Homo naledi in South Africa. 
  • Malcolm Turnbull became PM of Australia. 
  • Alexis Tsipras became PM of Greece. 
  • Indo-China Military training exercise: Hand-in-hand concluded in China. 
  • Malabar 2015: Naval exercise Indo-US. Japan also invited this time. 
  • China operationalised Zam Hydropower Station, the largest in Tibet, built on the Brahmaputra river, which has raised concerns in India over the likelihood of disrupting water supplies.
  • Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli became PM of Nepal.
  • Military exercise Mirta Shakti 2015 between India and Sri Lanka concluded at Pune. 
  • Onsari Gharti Magar became first female speaker of Nepal. 
  • Justin Trudeau became PM of Canada. 
  • Bidhya Devi Bhandari became president of Nepal.
  • Russian flight from Sharm el-Sheikh to Saint Petersburg crashed in Egypt killing 217. 
  • Indra 2015: military exercise Indo russia.
  • AUSINDEX 15 - naval exercise - australia india
  • APEC Summit 2015 - Manila
  • Konkan 2015 - UK India naval exercise

Monday, January 18, 2016

Indian Pre-History

Paleolithic or Old Stone Age in India (before 10,000 BC)

Sites located near water, cave-dwellers, hunter gatherers

Sites:

  1. Soan Valley and Potwar Plateau: in Pakistan now. Sushoma River of the Rig Veda.
  2. Siwalik Hills
  3. Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh): inside the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary. inhabited by Homo erectus, Stone Age rock paintings, declared a World Heritage Site in 2003.discovered in 1957 by V. S. Wakankar.
  4. Adamgarh Hills (Madhya Pradesh): Paintings.
  5. Kurnool (AP) The Ketavaram rock paintings, Jurreru Valley, Katavani Kunta and Yaganti. 


Notes:

  • Soanian culture was contemporary to the Acheulean. The bearers of this culture were Homo erectus.
  • Acheulean is an archaeological industry of stone tool manufacture characterized by distinctive oval and pear-shaped "hand-axes" associated with early humans.
Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age in India (10,000 BC to 6,000 BC)

Tiny stone tools, small animal hunting and fishing, use of bow and arrow, introduction of domestication of animals, agriculture. 

Sites: Lalganj (Gujarat), Adamgarh Hills (MP), Tinnevalley (TN), Birbhanpur (Burdwan). 

Neolithic or New Stone Age (6,000 BC to 4,000 BC)

Agriculture, Pottery, Domestication, Polished tools, sedentary life, villages, wheels, cloths. 

Sites: Burzahom (Kashmir, Gurfkral & Martand), Brahmagiri (Karnataka), Madhya Pradesh, Chotonagpur, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Mysore, Gujarat, Madras, and Mahisadal (Birbhum), Banghmundi, Susunia, Baneswer Danga (West Bengal).

Metal Age

Chalcolithic Age (Copper + Stone)
Iron Age